Wellcome
The secret of the Universe is inside the electron.
A STUDY OF ENERGY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS.
SPACE TEMPORAL STRUCTURE OF ENERGY.
ABOUT THE SINGULARITIES IN BLACK HOLES. “THE GARBAGE DISPOSERS”.
A B S T R A C T S
RELEVANT GONZALO A. MORENO MILESTONES AND DISCOVERIES
- Vacuum as a 3-d BCC quantum vacuum manifold. Derivation of the Wien and Hubble constants. Topological derivation of the fine-structure constant (a).
- Space-mass equivalence: s=(Gεμ)∙m.
- Vacuum inductance: L
o
=Ω
o
t
p
/2π.
- Prediction of Hubble Constant values spaced by 4,17 Km·s
-1
·Mpc
-1
.
. . .
(Ω
o
=√(μ
o
/ε
o
) vacuum impedance ; t
p
= Planck time).
… more and details in papers …
VACUUM AS A THREE-DIMENSIONAL LATTICE OF RLC CELLS. DERIVATION OF THE WIEN AND HUBBLE
CONSTANTS AND RELATION TO THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND (CMB) AND THE COSMIC
INFRARED BACKGROUND (CIB).
Citation: G. A. Moreno, Physics Essays 39, 1, 99-106, 2026.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-39.1.099]
VACUUM AS A THREE-DIMENSIONAL LATTICE OF RLC CELLS. DERIVATION OF THE WIEN AND HUBBLE CONSTANTS AND RELATION TO THE
COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND (CMB) AND THE COSMIC INFRARED BACKGROUND (CIB)
The
cosmological
displacement
of
spectral
lines
observed
in
cosmic
sources
is
conventionally
attributed
to
their
relative
velocities.
Nevertheless,
this
model
evaluates
the
Hubble
constant
by
considering
that
the
propagation
of
time-varying
electric
and
magnetic
fields
through
the
mathematical
structure
of
the
vacuum
can
itself
produce
a
spectral
redshift.
To
this
end,
the
model
describes
the
vacuum
as
a
three-dimensional
lattice
of
coupled
RLC
nodes
in
resonance.
Each
cell
functions
as
a
discrete
harmonic
oscillator
with
quantized
energy
levels.
This
network
of
discrete
components
supports
electromagnetic
propagation
in
a
manner
characterized
by
its
frequency.
Within
this
framework,
Wien's
displacement
constant
arises
naturally,
providing
it
with
a
robust
physical
foundation,
while
the
analysis
also
enables
an
examination
of
the
vacuum’s
structure.
By
applying
the
model
to
a
sample
of
galaxies
and
quasars,
it
reveals
a
possible
connection
between
the
CMB
and
the
CIB,
as
well
as
discrepancies
in
the
conventional distance estimates to certain quasars. Furthermore, the model suggests possible quantized values of H
0
spaced by 4.17 km s
-1
Mpc
-1
.
The
vacuum
as
a
resonant
network
of
discrete
RLC
cells
not
only
provides
a
physical
derivation
of
the
Wien
and
Hubble
constants,
but
also
implies
that
such
a
deformable
lattice
could
accommodate
local
space-time
curvature
and
expansion.
This
perspective
positions
the
structured
vacuum
as
a
promising
framework
for
bridging
cosmology
with particle physics.
Citation: G. A. Moreno, Physics Essays 39, 1, 99-106, 2026.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-39.1.099]
. . Paper . .
A STUDY OF ENERGY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS.
SPACE TEMPORAL STRUCTURE OF ENERGY
“Time
is
considered
like
a
flow,
as
a
growing
magnitude
that
advances
inexorably
carrying
every
possible
event,
disappearing
its
trace
and
assuring
its
continuity
through
the
predictable
future.
But
past
and
future
are
not
more
than
unreal
forms,
so
are
they
undisputed
proofs
of
the
time
existence?
Can
be
past
and
future
like
energetic
instant
states inside a characteristic process of energetic variation that we observe as
time passage
?”
The
development
of
the
initial
equations
shows
“
spatial
magnitude
”
like
a
mathematical
way
that
possesses
all
the
necessary
characteristics
for
the
development
and
formation
of
any
observable
real
process.
The
emptiness,
defined
mathematically
through
the
length
magnitude
characterized
by
the
equation
“
s=(Gεμ)∙m
”,
allows
itself
the
existence
of
processes
with
energetic
transmission
as
the
electromagnetic
radiation,
the
formation
of
matter
defined
by
some
properties
as
mass
and
electrical
charge
across
the spatial curvature, and assures the constancy of light velocity with independence from the velocity of the reference system.
The
evolution
of
the
initial
hypotheses
bears
to
the
known
consequences
in
development
of
the
special
relativity
theory
and
relates
general
relativity
with
the
elemental
particles
across
the
spatial
curvature
and
its
relation
with
a
constant
force
value
F=c
4
/G
and
Planck
space,
time,
mass
and
energy
values,
all
implied
in
the
inertial
feature
so
called
mass
and
also
in
the
electrical
charge
property.
The
relation
E/m
=
c
2
is
associated
to
volume
through
the
above
mentioned
constant
force
and
tension,
and
the
values
already defined by Planck appear interpreted as a "coupling" between "
s=x
" and Compton's wave length “
λ
” according to the deduced equation
λx=Gh/c
3
.
“…The
photon
would
remain
trapped
by
the
central
punctual
mass,
only
to
distance
whose
value
will
be
the
associated
space
to
mass:
r=x=mG/c
2
,
which
is
independent
of the according to Compton formula photon mass.”
“…we
might
consider
their
spatial
magnitudes
by
equivalence
and
so
a
spatial
curvature
with
these
characteristics
would
behave
like
a
photon
trapped
to
distance
“r=x”
from the center of a sphere with that radio, in which every points which conform it to the same distance show a tension T`=c
4
/G. And mass attribute appears naturally.”
“…mass appears from the coupling mass value (coincident with Planck mass) modulated by the interaction between two forces.”
“…
proper
time
appears
as
a
function
of
temperature
and
entropy
variation
,
and
second
one,
in
natural
processes
transmitted
at
light
velocity,
proper
time
does
not
exist.
”
“…But
we
need
to
employ
time
to
predict
natural
processes
we
observe,
considering
it
consequently
an
undisputed
probe
about
the
existence
of
time.
In
this
way
we
frame
a
useful
entelechy
that
only
exits
from
the
related
to
the
observer
system
point
of
view
to
study
other
inertial
or
non
inertial
external
systems,
where
time
does
not
exist
or
it
is
only an equivalence with energy exchange.”
Even
on
inertial
physical
systems
with
non
entropy
variations
and
constant
velocity,
equivalent
to
resting
systems,
or
on
non
inertial
systems
where
acceleration
exists,
with
equivalences
on
gravity
or
weightlessness
depending
on
direction
of
the
acceleration,
time
does
not
exist,
although
an
external
observer
can
use
the
concept
of
time
to
define
those frames. And in turn, one observer placed on a system for which proper time does not exist, could use time to define each other observed external system
.
It
is
only
on
frames
where
an
entropy
variation
occurs,
where
we
can
devise
the
proper
time
concept,
but
considering
distinct
signs
depending
on
signs
of
the
entropic
variation.”
“…Life
is
a
feedback
reaction
that
permits
to
bear
its
increasing
of
entropy
which
tends
to
destroy
the
transmission
of
information
over
time,
first
by
using
energy
to
control
that
entropy
variation,
and
as
a
certain
degradation
limit,
by
using
energy
to
be
opportunely
renewed
into
another
related
system
achieving
the
survival
of
the
information.
Information fights unconsciously to be transmitted and not be destroyed by probability.
”
- INDEX -
1.- VALIDITY OF DIFFERENTIALS EQUATIONS FOR ENERGY AND MASS FUNCTIONS.
In the study of the hypotheses two integration constants appear: Cm y Ce, and the equations are studied with the inclusion of constant and its consequences.
2.- HIGH MASSES CONSIDERATION.
Development of the theory with the consideration of zero values for integration constants, or situations in which this approximation is useful.
3.- GENERALIZATION OF FORCE IN ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH ENERGY, MASS AND ASSOCIATED ESPACE “x”.
Generalization of the force involved in the relation energy, mass, space for any speed value.
4.- STUDY OF THE VELOCITY-TIME FUNCTION.
5.- TERMODINAMIC STUDY OF THE ASSOCIATED TO ENERGY-MASS PROPER TIME.
Application of the hypotheses. Implications time, energy variation and entropy variation.
5.1.-Generalization in complex systems.
Study of the physical meaning of the implications in a macroscopic level.
6.-COUPLING.
Particular conditions of surroundings.
7.- STUDY OF ENERGETIC VALUE AND IMPULSE IMPLICATED IN “m,x” RELATION REFERING TO COUPLING.
Application of the F=c
4
/G value in the previous conditions of surroundings. Value of the unification of forces and energy.
8.-PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE ASSOCIATED SPACE.
Study of the physical meaning of the space implied in the inertial character of mass from the study of the following concepts:
8.1.- Study of the pressure in a isotropic medium defined by its equivalence space-mass.
8.2.-Tension of a string with linear density µ=m/L, on which a wave with speed c is transmitted.
8.3.- Equivalence work-energy-mass.
8.4.- Application to an inertial system with spherical curvature.
9.-PHYSICAL MEANING OF CHARGE AND MASS MAGNITUDES.
Magnitudes charge and mass appear from their coupling values (coincident with Planck mass and an unified charge) modulated by the interaction between two forces.
9.1.- THEORETICAL SUPPORT.
9.2.- QUANTIZATION OF MAGNITUDES.
. . Paper . .
ADDITIONAL LINKS:
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. John Huchra
.
https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/~dfabricant/huchra/ ; https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/~dfabricant/huchra/hubble.plot.dat
All material included in this web can be used under source citation.
Thanks for your reading!
TOPOLOGICAL DERIVATION OF THE FINE-STRUCTURE CONSTANT FROM A DISCRETE BCC QUANTUM VACUUM MANIFOLD
A
structured
vacuum
at
the
Planck
scale
not
only
provides
a
framework
consistent
with
standard
physics,
but
also
makes
it
possible
to
attribute
physical
meaning
to
fundamental
constants.
Here,
we
show
that
the
fine-structure
constant
(α)
can
be
represented
within
a
discrete
vacuum
modeled
as
a
body-centered
cubic
(BCC)
lattice
of
resonant
resistance-inductance-capacitance
(RLC)
nodes.
This
framework
allows
α
to
be
expressed
in
terms
of
topological
and
combinatorial
considerations,
based
on
the
lattice
Green’s
function
(Watson
integral)
and
the
information-density
bounds
of
the
local
BCC
environment.
By
evaluating
these
geometric
parameters,
we
calculate
a
theoretical
value
α
=
7.2973525649×10
−3
.
This
result
deviates
by
only
0.54σ
from
the
CODATA
2022
recommended
value
[1].
Crucially,
the
model’s
prediction
agrees
with
the
latest
high-precision
determination
from
the
Harvard-Northwestern
electron
magnetic
moment
measurement
[29]
to
all
digits
shown,
within
the
quoted
uncertainty,
placing
the
present
result
at
the
level
of
current
metrological
precision.
Furthermore,
the
internal
consistency
of
the
framework
is
verified
by
the
emergent
derivation of the elementary charge (e), which matches the CODATA 2022 and SI defined values with total precision.
Citation:
[http://
. . Paper (preprint) . .
TOPOLOGICAL DERIVATION OF THE FINE-STRUCTURE CONSTANT FROM A DISCRETE BCC QUANTUM
VACUUM MANIFOLD.
Citation: NEXT
[http://
..NEXT
A PREDICTIVE VALUE FOR THE NEWTONIAN CONSTANT OF GRAVITATION. ELECTRON MASS GENERATION
FROM A DISCRETE BCC QUANTUM VACUUM MANIFOLD.
Citation: NEXT
[http://
TOPOLOGICAL DERIVATION OF THE FINE-STRUCTURE
CONSTANT FROM A DISCRETE BCC QUANTUM VACUUM
MANIFOLD.
Citation: NEXT
[http://
TOPOLOGICAL DERIVATION OF THE FINE-
STRUCTURE CONSTANT FROM A DISCRETE BCC
QUANTUM VACUUM MANIFOLD
A
structured
vacuum
at
the
Planck
scale
not
only
provides
a
framework
consistent
with
standard
physics,
but
also
makes
it
possible
to
attribute
physical
meaning
to
fundamental
constants.
Here,
we
show
that
the
fine-
structure
constant
(α)
can
be
represented
within
a
discrete
vacuum
modeled
as
a
body-centered
cubic
(BCC)
lattice
of
resonant
resistance-inductance-
capacitance
(RLC)
nodes.
This
framework
allows
α
to
be
expressed
in
terms
of
topological
and
combinatorial
considerations,
based
on
the
lattice
Green’s
function
(Watson
integral)
and
the
information-density
bounds
of
the
local
BCC
environment.
By
evaluating
these
geometric
parameters,
we
calculate
a
theoretical
value
α
=
7.2973525649×10
−3
.
This
result
deviates
by
only
0.54σ
from
the
CODATA
2022
recommended
value
[1].
Crucially,
the
model’s
prediction
agrees
with
the
latest
high-precision
determination
from
the
Harvard-
Northwestern
electron
magnetic
moment
measurement
[29]
to
all
digits
shown,
within
the
quoted
uncertainty,
placing
the
present
result
at
the
level
of
current
metrological
precision.
Furthermore,
the
internal
consistency
of
the
framework
is
verified
by
the
emergent
derivation
of
the
elementary
charge
(e),
which
matches
the
CODATA
2022
and
SI
defined
values
with
total
precision.
Citation:
[http://
. . Paper (preprint) . .
Welcome
The secret of the Universe is inside the electron.
VACUUM AS A THREE-DIMENSIONAL LATTICE OF RLC CELLS.
DERIVATION OF THE WIEN AND HUBBLE CONSTANTS AND
RELATION TO THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND (CMB)
AND THE COSMIC INFRARED BACKGROUND (CIB).
Citation: G. A. Moreno, Physics Essays 39, 1, 99-106, 2026.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-39.1.099]
A B S T R A C T S
ABOUT THE SINGULARITIES IN BLACK HOLES. “THE
GARBAGE DISPOSERS”.
A STUDY OF ENERGY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS.
SPACE TEMPORAL STRUCTURE OF ENERGY.
RELEVANT GONZALO A. MORENO MILESTONES AND
DISCOVERIES
- Vacuum as a 3-d BCC quantum vacuum manifold. Derivation of the Wien
and Hubble constants. Topological derivation of the fine-structure constant
(a).
- Space-mass equivalence: s=(Gεμ)∙m.
- Vacuum inductance: L
o
=Ω
o
t
p
/2π.
- Prediction of Hubble Constant values spaced by 4,17 Km·s
-1
·Mpc
-1
.
. . .
(Ω
o
=√(μ
o
/ε
o
) vacuum impedance; t
p
= Planck time).
… more and details in papers …
VACUUM
AS
A
THREE-DIMENSIONAL
LATTICE
OF
RLC
CELLS.
DERIVATION
OF
THE
WIEN
AND
HUBBLE
CONSTANTS
AND
RELATION
TO
THE
COSMIC
MICROWAVE
BACKGROUND
(CMB)
AND
THE COSMIC INFRARED BACKGROUND (CIB)
The
cosmological
displacement
of
spectral
lines
observed
in
cosmic
sources
is
conventionally
attributed
to
their
relative
velocities.
Nevertheless,
this
model
evaluates
the
Hubble
constant
by
considering
that
the
propagation
of
time-varying
electric
and
magnetic
fields
through
the
mathematical
structure
of
the
vacuum
can
itself
produce
a
spectral
redshift.
To
this
end,
the
model
describes
the
vacuum
as
a
three-dimensional
lattice
of
coupled
RLC
nodes
in
resonance.
Each
cell
functions
as
a
discrete
harmonic
oscillator
with
quantized
energy
levels.
This
network
of
discrete
components
supports
electromagnetic
propagation
in
a
manner
characterized
by
its
frequency.
Within
this
framework,
Wien's
displacement
constant
arises
naturally,
providing
it
with
a
robust
physical
foundation,
while
the
analysis
also
enables
an
examination
of
the
vacuum’s
structure.
By
applying
the
model
to
a
sample
of
galaxies
and
quasars,
it
reveals
a
possible
connection
between
the
CMB
and
the
CIB,
as
well
as
discrepancies
in
the
conventional
distance
estimates
to
certain
quasars.
Furthermore,
the
model
suggests
possible
quantized
values
of
H
0
spaced
by 4.17 km s
-1
Mpc
-1
.
The
vacuum
as
a
resonant
network
of
discrete
RLC
cells
not
only
provides
a
physical
derivation
of
the
Wien
and
Hubble
constants,
but
also
implies
that
such
a
deformable
lattice
could
accommodate
local
space-time
curvature
and
expansion.
This
perspective
positions
the
structured
vacuum
as
a
promising
framework
for
bridging cosmology with particle physics.
Citation: G. A. Moreno, Physics Essays 39, 1, 99-106, 2026.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-39.1.099]
. . Paper . .
A STUDY OF ENERGY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS.
SPACE TEMPORAL STRUCTURE OF ENERGY.
“Time
is
considered
like
a
flow,
as
a
growing
magnitude
that
advances
inexorably
carrying
every
possible
event,
disappearing
its
trace
and
assuring
its
continuity
through
the
predictable
future.
But
past
and
future
are
not
more
than
unreal
forms,
so
are
they
undisputed
proofs
of
the
time
existence?
Can
be
past
and
future
like
energetic
instant
states
inside
a
characteristic
process
of
energetic
variation
that
we
observe
as
time
passage?”
The
development
of
the
initial
equations
shows
“spatial
magnitude”
like
a
mathematical
way
that
possesses
all
the
necessary
characteristics
for
the
development
and
formation
of
any
observable
real
process.
The
emptiness,
defined
mathematically
through
the
length
magnitude
characterized
by
the
equation
“
s=(Gεμ)∙m
”,
allows
itself
the
existence
of
processes
with
energetic
transmission
as
the
electromagnetic
radiation,
the
formation
of
matter
defined
by
some
properties
as
mass
and
electrical
charge
across
the
spatial
curvature,
and
assures
the
constancy
of
light
velocity
with
independence
from
the
velocity
of
the
reference system.
The
evolution
of
the
initial
hypotheses
bears
to
the
known
consequences
in
development
of
the
special
relativity
theory
and
relates
general
relativity
with
the
elemental
particles
across
the
spatial
curvature
and
its
relation
with
a
constant
force
value
F=c
4
/G
and
Planck
space,
time,
mass
and
energy
values,
all
implied
in
the
inertial
feature
so
called
mass
and
also
in
the
electrical
charge
property.
The
constant
relation
E/m=c
2
is
associated
to
volume
through
the
above
mentioned
constant
force
and
tension,
and
the
values
already
defined
by
Planck
appear
interpreted
as
a
"coupling"
between
"
s=x
"
and
Compton's
wave
length
“
λ
”
according
to the deduced equation
λx=Gh/c
3
.
“…The
photon
would
remain
trapped
by
the
central
punctual
mass,
only
to
distance
whose
value
will
be
the
associated
space
to
mass:
r=x=mG/c
2
,
which
is
independent
of
the
according
to
Compton
formula
photon mass.”
“…we
might
consider
their
spatial
magnitudes
by
equivalence
and
so
a
spatial
curvature
with
these
characteristics
would
behave
like
a
photon
trapped
to
distance
“
r=x
”
from
the
center
of
a
sphere
with
that
radio,
in
which
every
points
which
conform
it
to
the
same
distance
show
a
tension
T`=c
4
/G
.
And
mass
attribute appears naturally.”
“…mass
appears
from
the
coupling
mass
value
(coincident
with
Planck
mass)
modulated
by
the
interaction between two forces.”
“…proper
time
appears
as
a
function
of
temperature
and
entropy
variation,
and
second
one,
in
natural
processes
transmitted
at
light
velocity,
proper
time
does
not exist.”
“…But
we
need
to
employ
time
to
predict
natural
processes
we
observe,
considering
it
consequently
an
undisputed
probe
about
the
existence
of
time.
In
this
way
we
frame
a
useful
entelechy
that
only
exits
from
the
related
to
the
observer
system
point
of
view
to
study
other
inertial
or
non
inertial
external
systems,
where
time
does
not
exist
or
it
is
only
an
equivalence
with
energy
exchange.”
Even
on
inertial
physical
systems
with
non
entropy
variations
and
constant
velocity,
equivalent
to
resting
systems,
or
on
non
inertial
systems
where
acceleration
exists,
with
equivalences
on
gravity
or
weightlessness
depending
on
direction
of
the
acceleration,
time
does
not
exist,
although
an
external
observer
can
use
the
concept
of
time
to
define
those
frames.
And
in
turn,
one
observer
placed
on
a
system
for
which
proper
time
does
not
exist,
could
use
time
to
define
each
other
observed
external
system.
It
is
only
on
frames
where
an
entropy
variation
occurs,
where
we
can
devise
the
proper
time
concept,
but
considering
distinct
signs
depending
on
signs
of
the
entropic variation.”
“…Life
is
a
feedback
reaction
that
permits
to
bear
its
increasing
of
entropy
which
tends
to
destroy
the
transmission
of
information
over
time,
first
by
using
energy
to
control
that
entropy
variation,
and
as
a
certain
degradation
limit,
by
using
energy
to
be
opportunely
renewed
into
another
related
system
achieving
the
survival
of
the
information.
Information
fights
unconsciously
to
be
transmitted
and
not
be
destroyed
by
probability.
”
Paper
ADDITIONAL LINKS:
Harvard-Smithsonian
Center
for
Astrophysics.
John
Huchra
[1]
.
Estimates
of the Hubble´s constant.
https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/~dfabricant/huchra/
https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/~dfabricant/huchra/hubble.plot.dat
All material included in this web can be used under source citation.
Thanks for your reading!
Email me!
All material included in this web can be used under source citation.
Thanks for your reading!
Welcome
The secret of the Universe is inside the electron.
VACUUM AS A THREE-DIMENSIONAL LATTICE OF RLC CELLS. DERIVATION OF THE WIEN AND
HUBBLE CONSTANTS AND RELATION TO THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND (CMB) AND THE
COSMIC INFRARED BACKGROUND (CIB).
Citation: G. A. Moreno, Physics Essays 39, 1, 99-106, 2026.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-39.1.099]
ABOUT THE SINGULARITIES IN BLACK HOLES. “THE GARBAGE DISPOSERS”.
A STUDY OF ENERGY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS.
SPACE TEMPORAL STRUCTURE OF ENERGY.
A B S T R A C T S
RELEVANT GONZALO A. MORENO MILESTONES AND DISCOVERIES
- Vacuum as a 3-d BCC quantum vacuum manifold. Derivation of the Wien and Hubble constants. Topological derivation of the fine-structure constant (a).
- Space-mass equivalence: s=(Gεμ)∙m.
- Vacuum inductance: L
o
=Ω
o
t
p
/2π.
- Prediction of Hubble Constant values spaced by 4,17 Km·s
-1
·Mpc
-1
.
. . .
(Ω
o
=√(μ
o
/ε
o
) vacuum impedance ; t
p
= Planck time).
… more and details in papers …
VACUUM AS A THREE-DIMENSIONAL LATTICE OF RLC CELLS. DERIVATION OF THE WIEN AND HUBBLE CONSTANTS
AND RELATION TO THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND (CMB) AND THE COSMIC INFRARED BACKGROUND (CIB)
The
cosmological
displacement
of
spectral
lines
observed
in
cosmic
sources
is
conventionally
attributed
to
their
relative
velocities.
Nevertheless,
this
model
evaluates
the
Hubble
constant
by
considering
that
the
propagation
of
time-varying
electric
and
magnetic
fields
through
the
mathematical
structure
of
the
vacuum
can
itself
produce
a
spectral
redshift.
To
this
end,
the
model
describes
the
vacuum
as
a
three-
dimensional
lattice
of
coupled
RLC
nodes
in
resonance.
Each
cell
functions
as
a
discrete
harmonic
oscillator
with
quantized
energy
levels.
This
network
of
discrete
components
supports
electromagnetic
propagation
in
a
manner
characterized
by
its
frequency.
Within
this
framework,
Wien's
displacement
constant
arises
naturally,
providing
it
with
a
robust
physical
foundation,
while
the
analysis
also
enables
an
examination
of
the
vacuum’s
structure.
By
applying
the
model
to
a
sample
of
galaxies
and
quasars,
it
reveals
a
possible
connection
between
the
CMB
and
the
CIB,
as
well
as
discrepancies
in
the
conventional
distance
estimates
to
certain
quasars.
Furthermore,
the
model
suggests
possible
quantized
values
of
H
0
spaced by 4.17 km s
-1
Mpc
-1
.
The
vacuum
as
a
resonant
network
of
discrete
RLC
cells
not
only
provides
a
physical
derivation
of
the
Wien
and
Hubble
constants,
but
also
implies
that
such
a
deformable
lattice
could
accommodate
local
space-time
curvature
and
expansion.
This
perspective
positions
the
structured
vacuum as a promising framework for bridging cosmology with particle physics.
Citation: G. A. Moreno, Physics Essays 39, 1, 99-106, 2026.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-39.1.099]
. . Paper . .
A STUDY OF ENERGY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS.
SPACE TEMPORAL STRUCTURE OF ENERGY
“Time
is
considered
like
a
flow,
as
a
growing
magnitude
that
advances
inexorably
carrying
every
possible
event,
disappearing
its
trace
and
assuring
its
continuity
through
the
predictable
future.
But
past
and
future
are
not
more
than
unreal
forms,
so
are
they
undisputed
proofs
of
the
time
existence?
Can
be
past
and
future
like
energetic
instant
states
inside
a
characteristic
process
of
energetic
variation
that
we
observe
as
time
passage
?”
The
development
of
the
initial
equations
shows
“
spatial
magnitude
“
like
a
mathematical
way
that
possesses
all
the
necessary
characteristics
for
the
development
and
formation
of
any
observable
real
process.
The
emptiness,
defined
mathematically
through
the
length
magnitude
characterized
by
the
equation
“
s=(Gεμ)∙m
”,
allows
itself
the
existence
of
processes
with
energetic
transmission
as
the
electromagnetic
radiation,
the
formation
of
matter
defined
by
some
properties
as
mass
and
electrical
charge
across
the
spatial
curvature,
and
assures
the
constancy
of
light
velocity
with
independence of reference system velocity.
The
evolution
of
the
initial
hypotheses
bears
to
the
known
consequences
in
development
of
the
special
relativity
theory
and
relates
general
relativity
with
the
elemental
particles
across
the
spatial
curvature
and
its
relation
with
a
constant
force
value
F=c
4
/G
and
Planck
space,
time,
mass
and
energy
values,
all
implied
in
the
inertial
feature
so
called
mass
and
also
in
the
electrical
charge
property.
The
constant
relation
E/m
=c
2
is
associated
to
volume
through
the
above
mentioned
constant
force
and
tension,
and
the
values
already
defined
by
Planck
appear
interpreted
as
a
"coupling" between "
s=x
" and Compton's wave length “
λ
” according to the deduced equation
λx=Gh/c
3
.
“…The
photon
would
remain
trapped
by
the
central
punctual
mass,
only
to
distance
whose
value
will
be
the
associated
space
to
mass:
r=x=mG/c
2
,
which is independent of the according to Compton formula photon mass.”
“…we
might
consider
their
spatial
magnitudes
by
equivalence
and
so
a
spatial
curvature
with
these
characteristics
would
behave
like
a
photon
trapped
to
distance
“r=x”
from
the
center
of
a
sphere
with
that
radio,
in
which
every
points
which
conform
it
to
the
same
distance
show
a
tension
T`=c
4
/G. And mass attribute appears naturally.”
“…mass appears from the coupling mass value (coincident with Planck mass) modulated by the interaction between two forces.”
“…
proper
time
appears
as
a
function
of
temperature
and
entropy
variation
,
and
second
one,
in
natural
processes
transmitted
at
light
velocity,
proper time does not exist.
”
“…But
we
need
to
employ
time
to
predict
natural
processes
we
observe,
considering
it
consequently
an
undisputed
probe
about
the
existence
of
time.
In
this
way
we
frame
a
useful
entelechy
that
only
exits
from
the
related
to
the
observer
system
point
of
view
to
study
other
inertial
or
non
inertial external systems, where time does not exist or it is only an equivalence with energy exchange.”
Even
on
inertial
physical
systems
with
non
entropy
variations
and
constant
velocity,
equivalent
to
resting
systems,
or
on
non
inertial
systems
where
acceleration
exists,
with
equivalences
on
gravity
or
weightlessness
depending
on
direction
of
the
acceleration,
time
does
not
exist,
although
an
external
observer
can
use
the
concept
of
time
to
define
those
frames.
And
in
turn,
one
observer
placed
on
a
system
for
which
proper
time
does
not
exist, could use time to define each other observed external system
.
It
is
only
on
frames
where
an
entropy
variation
occurs,
where
we
can
devise
the
proper
time
concept,
but
considering
distinct
signs
depending
on
signs of the entropic variation.”
“…Life
is
a
feedback
reaction
that
permits
to
bear
its
increasing
of
entropy
which
tends
to
destroy
the
transmission
of
information
over
time,
first
by
using
energy
to
control
that
entropy
variation,
and
as
a
certain
degradation
limit,
by
using
energy
to
be
opportunely
renewed
into
another
related
system
achieving
the
survival
of
the
information.
Information
fights
unconsciously
to
be
transmitted
and
not
be
destroyed
by
probability.
”
- INDEX -
1.- VALIDITY OF DIFFERENTIALS EQUATIONS FOR ENERGY AND MASS FUNCTIONS.
In the study of the hypotheses two integration constants appear: Cm y Ce, and the equations are studied with the inclusion of constant and its consequences.
2.- HIGH MASSES CONSIDERATION.
Development of the theory with the consideration of zero values for integration constants, or situations in which this approximation is useful.
3.- GENERALIZATION OF FORCE IN ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH ENERGY, MASS AND ASSOCIATED ESPACE “x”.
Generalization of the force involved in the relation energy, mass, space for any speed value.
4.- STUDY OF THE VELOCITY-TIME FUNCTION.
5.- TERMODINAMIC STUDY OF THE ASSOCIATED TO ENERGY-MASS PROPER TIME.
Application of the hypotheses. Implications time, energy variation and entropy variation.
5.1.-Generalization in complex systems.
Study of the physical meaning of the implications in a macroscopic level.
6.-COUPLING.
Particular conditions of surroundings.
7.- STUDY OF ENERGETIC VALUE AND IMPULSE IMPLICATED IN “m,x” RELATION REFERING TO COUPLING.
Application of the F=c
4
/G value in the previous conditions of surroundings. Value of the unification of forces and energy.
8.-PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE ASSOCIATED SPACE.
Study of the physical meaning of the space implied in the inertial character of mass from the study of the following concepts:
8.1.- Study of the pressure in a isotropic medium defined by its equivalence space-mass.
8.2.-Tension of a string with linear density µ=m/L, on which a wave with speed c is transmitted.
8.3.- Equivalence work-energy-mass.
8.4.- Application to an inertial system with spherical curvature.
9.-PHYSICAL MEANING OF CHARGE AND MASS MAGNITUDES.
Magnitudes charge and mass appear from their coupling values (coincident with Planck mass and an unified charge) modulated by the interaction between two
forces.
9.1.- THEORETICAL SUPPORT.
9.2.- QUANTIZATION OF MAGNITUDES.
. . Paper . .
ADDITIONAL LINKS:
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. John Huchra [1]. Estimates of the Hubble´s constant.
https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/~dfabricant/huchra/ ; https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/~dfabricant/huchra/hubble.plot.dat
TOPOLOGICAL DERIVATION OF THE FINE-STRUCTURE CONSTANT FROM A DISCRETE BCC
QUANTUM VACUUM MANIFOLD.
Citation: NEXT
[http://
TOPOLOGICAL DERIVATION OF THE FINE-STRUCTURE CONSTANT FROM A DISCRETE BCC QUANTUM VACUUM
MANIFOLD
A
structured
vacuum
at
the
Planck
scale
not
only
provides
a
framework
consistent
with
standard
physics,
but
also
makes
it
possible
to
attribute
physical
meaning
to
fundamental
constants.
Here,
we
show
that
the
fine-structure
constant
(α)
can
be
represented
within
a
discrete
vacuum
modeled
as
a
body-centered
cubic
(BCC)
lattice
of
resonant
resistance-inductance-capacitance
(RLC)
nodes.
This
framework
allows
α
to
be
expressed
in
terms
of
topological
and
combinatorial
considerations,
based
on
the
lattice
Green’s
function
(Watson
integral)
and
the
information-
density
bounds
of
the
local
BCC
environment.
By
evaluating
these
geometric
parameters,
we
calculate
a
theoretical
value
α
=
7.2973525649×10
−3
.
This
result
deviates
by
only
0.54σ
from
the
CODATA
2022
recommended
value
[1].
Crucially,
the
model’s
prediction
agrees
with
the
latest
high-
precision
determination
from
the
Harvard-Northwestern
electron
magnetic
moment
measurement
[29]
to
all
digits
shown,
within
the
quoted
uncertainty,
placing
the
present
result
at
the
level
of
current
metrological
precision.
Furthermore,
the
internal
consistency
of
the
framework
is
verified
by
the
emergent
derivation
of
the
elementary
charge
(e),
which
matches
the
CODATA
2022
and
SI
defined
values
with
total
precision.
Citation:
[http://
. . Paper (preprint) . .
A PREDICTIVE VALUE FOR THE NEWTONIAN CONSTANT OF GRAVITATION. ELECTRON MASS
GENERATION FROM A DISCRETE BCC QUANTUM VACUUM MANIFOLD.
Citation: NEXT
[http://
..NEXT
Wellcome
The secret of the Universe is inside the electron.
A B S T R A C T S
A STUDY OF ENERGY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS.
SPACE TEMPORAL STRUCTURE OF ENERGY.
ABOUT THE SINGULARITIES IN BLACK HOLES. “THE GARBAGE DISPOSERS”.
RELEVANT GONZALO A. MORENO MILESTONES AND DISCOVERIES
- Vacuum as a 3-d BCC quantum vacuum manifold. Derivation of the Wien and Hubble constants. Topological derivation of the fine-structure constant (a).
- Space-mass equivalence: s=(Gεμ)∙m.
- Vacuum inductance: L
o
=Ω
o
t
p
/2π
- Prediction of Hubble Constant values spaced by 4,17 Km·s
-1
·Mpc
-1
.
. . .
(Ω
o
=√(μ
o
/ε
o
) vacuum impedance ; t
p
= Planck time).
… more and details in papers …
VACUUM AS A THREE-DIMENSIONAL LATTICE OF RLC CELLS. DERIVATION OF THE WIEN AND HUBBLE
CONSTANTS AND RELATION TO THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND (CMB) AND THE COSMIC
INFRARED BACKGROUND (CIB).
Citation: G. A. Moreno, Physics Essays 39, 1, 99-106, 2026.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-39.1.099]
VACUUM AS A THREE-DIMENSIONAL LATTICE OF RLC CELLS. DERIVATION OF THE WIEN AND HUBBLE CONSTANTS AND RELATION TO THE COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND (CMB)
AND THE COSMIC INFRARED BACKGROUND (CIB)
The
cosmological
displacement
of
spectral
lines
observed
in
cosmic
sources
is
conventionally
attributed
to
their
relative
velocities.
Nevertheless,
this
model
evaluates
the
Hubble
constant
by
considering
that
the
propagation
of
time-
varying
electric
and
magnetic
fields
through
the
mathematical
structure
of
the
vacuum
can
itself
produce
a
spectral
redshift.
To
this
end,
the
model
describes
the
vacuum
as
a
three-dimensional
lattice
of
coupled
RLC
nodes
in
resonance.
Each
cell
functions
as
a
discrete
harmonic
oscillator
with
quantized
energy
levels.
This
network
of
discrete
components
supports
electromagnetic
propagation
in
a
manner
characterized
by
its
frequency.
Within
this
framework,
Wien's
displacement
constant
arises
naturally,
providing
it
with
a
robust
physical
foundation,
while
the
analysis
also
enables
an
examination
of
the
vacuum’s
structure.
By
applying
the
model
to
a
sample
of
galaxies
and
quasars,
it
reveals
a
possible
connection between the CMB and the CIB, as well as discrepancies in the conventional distance estimates to certain quasars. Furthermore, the model suggests possible quantized values of H
0
spaced by 4.17 km s
-1
Mpc
-1
.
The
vacuum
as
a
resonant
network
of
discrete
RLC
cells
not
only
provides
a
physical
derivation
of
the
Wien
and
Hubble
constants,
but
also
implies
that
such
a
deformable
lattice
could
accommodate
local
space-time
curvature
and
expansion. This perspective positions the structured vacuum as a promising framework for bridging cosmology with particle physics.
Citation: G. A. Moreno, Physics Essays 39, 1, 99-106, 2026.
[http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-39.1.099]
. . Paper . .
A STUDY OF ENERGY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS.
SPACE TEMPORAL STRUCTURE OF ENERGY
“Time
is
considered
like
a
flow,
as
a
growing
magnitude
that
advances
inexorably
carrying
every
possible
event,
disappearing
its
trace
and
assuring
its
continuity
through
the
predictable
future.
But
past
and
future
are
not
more
than
unreal
forms, so are they undisputed proofs of the time existence? Can be past and future like energetic instant states inside a characteristic process of energetic variation that we observe as
time passage
?”
The
development
of
the
initial
equations
shows
“
spatial
magnitude
”
like
a
mathematical
way
that
possesses
all
the
necessary
characteristics
for
the
development
and
formation
of
any
observable
real
process.
The
emptiness,
defined
mathematically
through
the
length
magnitude
characterized
by
the
equation
“
s=(Gεμ)∙m
”,
allows
itself
the
existence
of
processes
with
energetic
transmission
as
the
electromagnetic
radiation,
the
formation
of
matter
defined
by
some
properties as mass and electrical charge across the spatial curvature, and assures the constancy of light velocity with independence from the velocity of the reference system.
The
evolution
of
the
initial
hypotheses
bears
to
the
known
consequences
in
development
of
the
special
relativity
theory
and
relates
general
relativity
with
the
elemental
particles
across
the
spatial
curvature
and
its
relation
with
a
constant
force
value
F=c
4
/G
and
Planck
space,
time,
mass
and
energy
values,
all
implied
in
the
inertial
feature
so
called
mass
and
also
in
the
electrical
charge
property.
The
relation
E/m
=
c
2
is
associated
to
volume
through
the
above
mentioned
constant force and tension, and the values already defined by Planck appear interpreted as a "coupling" between "
s=x
" and Compton's wave length “
λ
” according to the deduced equation
λx=Gh/c
3
.
“…The photon would remain trapped by the central punctual mass, only to distance whose value will be the associated space to mass: r=x=mG/c
2
,
which is independent of the according to Compton formula photon mass.”
“…we
might
consider
their
spatial
magnitudes
by
equivalence
and
so
a
spatial
curvature
with
these
characteristics
would
behave
like
a
photon
trapped
to
distance
“r=x”
from
the
center
of
a
sphere
with
that
radio,
in
which
every
points
which conform it to the same distance show a tension T`=c
4
/G. And mass attribute appears naturally.”
“…mass appears from the coupling mass value (coincident with Planck mass) modulated by the interaction between two forces.”
“…
proper time appears as a function of temperature and entropy variation
, and second one, in natural
processes transmitted at light velocity, proper time does not exist.
”
“…But
we
need
to
employ
time
to
predict
natural
processes
we
observe,
considering
it
consequently
an
undisputed
probe
about
the
existence
of
time.
In
this
way
we
frame
a
useful
entelechy
that
only
exits
from
the
related
to
the
observer
system point of view to study other inertial or non inertial external systems, where time does not exist or it is only an equivalence with energy exchange.”
Even
on
inertial
physical
systems
with
non
entropy
variations
and
constant
velocity,
equivalent
to
resting
systems,
or
on
non
inertial
systems
where
acceleration
exists,
with
equivalences
on
gravity
or
weightlessness
depending
on
direction
of
the
acceleration,
time
does
not
exist,
although
an
external
observer
can
use
the
concept
of
time
to
define
those
frames.
And
in
turn,
one
observer
placed
on
a
system
for
which
proper
time
does
not
exist,
could
use
time
to
define
each
other
observed external system
.
It is only on frames where an entropy variation occurs, where we can devise the proper time concept, but considering distinct signs depending on signs of the entropic variation.”
“…Life
is
a
feedback
reaction
that
permits
to
bear
its
increasing
of
entropy
which
tends
to
destroy
the
transmission
of
information
over
time,
first
by
using
energy
to
control
that
entropy
variation,
and
as
a
certain
degradation
limit,
by
using energy to be opportunely renewed into another related system achieving the survival of the information.
Information fights unconsciously to be transmitted and not be destroyed by probability.
”
- INDEX -
1.- VALIDITY OF DIFFERENTIALS EQUATIONS FOR ENERGY AND MASS FUNCTIONS.
In the study of the hypotheses two integration constants appear: Cm y Ce, and the equations are studied with the inclusion of constant and its consequences.
2.- HIGH MASSES CONSIDERATION.
Development of the theory with the consideration of zero values for integration constants, or situations in which this approximation is useful.
3.- GENERALIZATION OF FORCE IN ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH ENERGY, MASS AND ASSOCIATED ESPACE “x”.
Generalization of the force involved in the relation energy, mass, space for any speed value.
4.- STUDY OF THE VELOCITY-TIME FUNCTION.
5.- TERMODINAMIC STUDY OF THE ASSOCIATED TO ENERGY-MASS PROPER TIME.
Application of the hypotheses. Implications time, energy variation and entropy variation.
5.1.-Generalization in complex systems.
Study of the physical meaning of the implications in a macroscopic level.
6.-COUPLING.
Particular conditions of surroundings.
7.- STUDY OF ENERGETIC VALUE AND IMPULSE IMPLICATED IN “m,x” RELATION REFERING TO COUPLING.
Application of the F=c
4
/G value in the previous conditions of surroundings. Value of the unification of forces and energy.
8.-PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE ASSOCIATED SPACE.
Study of the physical meaning of the space implied in the inertial character of mass from the study of the following concepts:
8.1.- Study of the pressure in a isotropic medium defined by its equivalence space-mass.
8.2.-Tension of a string with linear density µ=m/L, on which a wave with speed c is transmitted.
8.3.- Equivalence work-energy-mass.
8.4.- Application to an inertial system with spherical curvature.
9.-PHYSICAL MEANING OF CHARGE AND MASS MAGNITUDES.
Magnitudes charge and mass appear from their coupling values (coincident with Planck mass and an unified charge) modulated by the interaction between two forces.
9.1.- THEORETICAL SUPPORT.
9.2.- QUANTIZATION OF MAGNITUDES.
. . Paper . .
ADDITIONAL LINKS:
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. John Huchra [1]. Estimates of the Hubble´s constant.
https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/~dfabricant/huchra/
;
https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/~dfabricant/huchra/hubble.plot.dat
All material included in this web can be used under source citation.
Thanks for your reading!
TOPOLOGICAL DERIVATION OF THE FINE-STRUCTURE CONSTANT FROM A DISCRETE BCC QUANTUM VACUUM MANIFOLD
A
structured
vacuum
at
the
Planck
scale
not
only
provides
a
framework
consistent
with
standard
physics,
but
also
makes
it
possible
to
attribute
physical
meaning
to
fundamental
constants.
Here,
we
show
that
the
fine-structure
constant
(α)
can
be
represented
within
a
discrete
vacuum
modeled
as
a
body-centered
cubic
(BCC)
lattice
of
resonant
resistance-inductance-capacitance
(RLC)
nodes.
This
framework
allows
α
to
be
expressed
in
terms
of
topological
and
combinatorial
considerations,
based
on
the
lattice
Green’s
function
(Watson
integral)
and
the
information-density
bounds
of
the
local
BCC
environment.
By
evaluating
these
geometric
parameters,
we
calculate
a
theoretical
value
α
=
7.2973525649×10
−3
.
This
result
deviates
by
only
0.54σ
from
the
CODATA
2022
recommended
value
[1].
Crucially,
the
model’s
prediction
agrees
with
the
latest
high-precision
determination
from
the
Harvard-Northwestern
electron
magnetic
moment
measurement
[29]
to
all
digits
shown,
within
the
quoted
uncertainty,
placing
the
present
result
at
the
level
of
current
metrological
precision.
Furthermore,
the
internal
consistency
of
the
framework
is
verified
by
the
emergent
derivation of the elementary charge (e), which matches the CODATA 2022 and SI defined values with total precision.
Citation:
[http://
. . Paper (preprint) . .
TOPOLOGICAL DERIVATION OF THE FINE-STRUCTURE CONSTANT FROM A DISCRETE BCC QUANTUM VACUUM
MANIFOLD.
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A PREDICTIVE VALUE FOR THE NEWTONIAN CONSTANT OF GRAVITATION. ELECTRON MASS GENERATION FROM
A DISCRETE BCC QUANTUM VACUUM MANIFOLD.
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